Marting L. King JR Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marting L. King JR - Research Paper ExampleHowever, in new age attractorshiphip concept is applied on the basis of intellect and not on learning as well as on knowledge and expertise and not on agency or wisdom. Due to which, maximum extent of the leaders in this age are extremely successful as compared to others.This research paper mainly highlights on the importance and definition of administrative leadership style on with its pitfalls. It also focuses the differences of administrative leadership styles followed by Martin L. King JR as compared to others. apart(predicate) from this, it also highlights the relationship betwixt leadership and management in this recent age.Leadership is recognized as the concept of organizing and managing a company of individual in order to achieve the objective of the organization. It may also be described as the style with the help of which the followers or employees of an organization or group become motivated to meet the common goal or o bjective. However, according to varied researches or studies, it might be depicted that leaders comprise of varied traits such as promising behavior, power, vision, values, challenges, personality and intelligence so as to repugn up with various situational interactions. Thus it might be stated that the employees or follower would follow lonesome(prenominal) that individual who comprises the ability to guide or direct others.Leadership is directly proportional with the concepts and aspects of social power or administration. This is because administration is also described as the process to manage and control a specialised group of individual within an organization. So it is also quite similar to the features of social power.Administrative leader is recognized as an individual who leads a team and also in-charge of the supervision of the duties and responsibilities of his or her team members. Apart from this, an administrative leader includes the power of communication and effecti ve management of the ideas and

The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe Analysis - act ExampleFor example during the first verse of the poem, the poet states some one gently rapping, rapping at and again the pleasantred technique was utilized during the second verse of the poem when he states my earmarks surceases of sorrow sorrow and similar kind of repetition of vocabulary has been conducted through all of the verses.In the poem The Raven the poet describes about his meet up with a raven during a night of the month of December when the poet is slipping into his sleep while he was examining poems in a book. In the poem, the poet is sitting near a fire place which he states in the poem in an artistic manner when he describes the shadows that have been created by the burning pieces of coal in the fireplace. He is going through the book of poems because he aims at forgetting his past which was full of sorrows because of his loss of Lenore. He describes Lenore as being infrequent and healthy and states that she has been nam ed as Lenore by the angels. While he goes through the book of poems he hears a tap at the door of his bedroom and regards the moment as a visitant tapping at the door of his chamber.In the next stanza he describes two thoughts, the feeling of fear along with the feeling of thrill that has been caused due to the tapping of the door of his bedroom and he describes his feelings as thrilling and fantastic terrors. The verse continues with the poet stating that he answered the door by asking the visitor about why he is there and why the visitor was knocking the door so lightly that he himself can not clearly hear the knock. by and by he stands up and goes to answer the door and when he opens the door for the visitor he figures out that no body is there and he can only experience darkness.Next in the poem he describes his feelings with words such as fear, dream, doubt and wonder. He uses these words because he expects to see Lenore out of no where and

The German Automobile Industry and the affect it has on the German Essay

The German Automobile Industry and the affect it has on the German Economy, Stock Utility Analysis from 1990 until 2007 - Essay compositors caseUntil the late 1980s, the German production administration, which had maintained the legacy f the craft system, was praised for its high-quality products and additive foot establish on decentralized production by high-quality labour. The German model, termed diversified quality production (DQP) or incremental innovation system, was characterized by highly skilled workers and professional specialization instead f Tayloristic de-skilling f labour. The whippy German system, based on some elements f the craft system, could perform fast retooling and incremental innovation better than the American mass producers until the 1980s. In particular, the German production system was praised for strong small- and medium-sized companies (Mittelstnder). The strength f these companies was based on the agility f small batches and highly skilled labour.Th e decentralized and flexible system based on highly skilled workers could be realized by particular German institutional constraints. German corporatist institutions, characterized by a dual system f workers participation at plant-level decision-making and collective dicker at the industrial sectoral level, realized the tuition f advanced vocational training and productivity cooperation. strange the free market f the United States, in which companies are less likely to contribute to the development f industry-wide training systems due to the risk f losing skilled workers to competing firms and the possibility f collective consummation problems in developing public training programs, the German corporatist institutions f swap unions and employer associations implemented highly genuine vocational training by limiting the free-riding in the process f training. These centralized corporatist associations f trade unions and employers associations nationally standardized and rigorousl y enforced vocational training curricula. The centralized trade unions and employer associations could influence individualist employers training decisions. Works councils at the plant level policed the employers observance f collective agreements for vocational training. In addition, the industry-wide wages system established by collective bargaining reduced the employees incentives to be receptive to poaching.On the other hand, the German corporatist model that realized the diversified quality production worked well only low the condition f social cooperation between labour and management.

President Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

chairwoman - Research Paper ExampleA number of events took place during the cold war both regionally and globally catalysing the formation and adoption of the Truman doctrine. Russia sponsored communism was on the rise and influencing the entire nuclear number 63. Hungarys democratic governance was overthrown by the communist party in 1947 attracting strong condemnation by President Truman. In 1948 once more the communist party with the support of Russia used force to grab power in Czechoslovakia. The attempted Berlin forget would have also significantly affected the course of events had it succeeded. The Russian threat became particularly significant in 1949 when Russia deployed its tool to influence the entire Europe. Russia also went on to explode its nuclear bomb nullifying Americas lead. The Korean escalated the tensions amongst the two rival super powers. It became apparent that to restore confidence in Europe, sparing assistance, rearmament of West Germany and military aid were necessary measures. The President thus sought Congresss encomium of $ 400 million towards aiding turkey and Greece both in terms of military and economically (Merrill, 20006).The relationship between the United States and the USSR was unhealthy during the cold war. Russias aggression and expansion of its communist influence into Eastern Europe after the defeat of Germany was not taken well by the United States and other Western democracies. The US dominated the politics and economics of Western Europe and therefore was very threatened by Russias influence in the East. The two powers differed on ideology & politics and were competing for internal influence along the assorted lines. The competition lasted between 1947 and 1991 when the Soviet Union officially collapsed. The spreading communism ideology supported by Russia saw communist parties overthrow democratically elected governments in Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Russias detonation of its first atomic weapon and its

Discuss the extent to which you feel modern tourism brings either more Essay

Discuss the extent to which you feel modern tourism brings either more advantages or disadvantages to common distinguish tourist areas - Essay ExampleEither ports so tourism has become very authoritative for nations, specially those blessed with the natural beauty,a vast culture,heritage and history .Nations amongst these include most of Europe,Malaysia,Maldives,India and America.These countries have changed the way tourism was thought about like.To facilitate the customers of tourism,these nations did not only create hotels and motels but also satisfied tourists with the being of a whole new dynamic infrastructure just to accommodate tourists near to the site.Online packages of all kinds including course bookings,accommodation and transitions making it easier for a person to arrange for these things after the arrival.Other than this hotels also offer the service of airport pickax and drop.People have made touring a part of their life.Tourism has been developed very well and hug ely invested apoun as it was seen as the potential export.Every penny a household saves, one third of it is spent on travelling as it has not only been marketed well but become like a luxury and a way to ease out from the daily life activities.Popular tourist destinations around the world like Switzerland,America,Paris and flop are all places that provide a unique selling point in terms of tourism.These place are either naturally blessed or part of some historical civilization or even artificially(manmade) designed very well.May it be the famous Eiffel tower of Paris, the statue of liberty in America or the canals and churches of Venice, these places attract tourists.For the tourist area the biggest advantage is the economic factor ofcourse as tourism creates employment for a huge population living in that country(Singh,2010). If tourists do not come to the destination, those persons directly involved in tourism for example, the straw vendors, the taxi drivers, retail storeowners e tc., could be unable to pay their bills. If they are unable to progress to money they could

Hunting Methods of Early Man Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hunting Methods of Early military man - Research Paper ExampleThe major distinguishing feature of Homo habilis is his ability to organize into groups. This idea became realizable because of the development of language that eased communication and understanding (Leakey 3). The groupings build more strength and hunting became easier with increase chances of success and low risks of attacks from animals. It is in this stage that man began making and using tools from stones and this is why the name odd-job man becomes more appropriate in describing him. The tools facilitated the hunting process and made killing easier and this enabled him to start killing bigger animals for food. The tools also gave him an advantage and he could thus fight back in case of any incursion from some other animals. The tools also enabled him to split the prey into smaller pieces to easily, carry the meat to their proffered destination as well as in the preparation of the meat before consumption. This, the refore, enabled him to lead a more colonized life compared to the earlier species. However, the man did not establish permanent settlements like towns and cities because from time to time he had to move from one place to another in search of animals to hunt (Leakey 3). Despite feeding on meat, the man also consumed fruits, leaves, roots, insects as well as birds and their eggs. The conditions prevailing in the environment sometimes strained him to resolve into omnivorous especially when there were no animals to hunt. The man hunted in groups, as the chances of deliver the goods were very low if one hunted alone. They, therefore, used to move together while ganging up on the prey killing with very great force. Homo habilis, just as the other earlier species of man was also a scavenger feeding on fruits and berries that he collected from his environment.

Health Inequalities in the United Kingdom Essay

Health Inequalities in the United Kingdom - Essay ExampleToday, there is brusk doubt that health has become an important determinant of the social well being of the people and because also of the nation.In simple words, one can define health inequality as the absence seizure of equal health facilities. But the definition of the term health inequality is much broad and complex. The theorists merge the definition of health inequalities with the social class and social strata. Whitehead, on his celebrated paper The Concepts and Principles of Equity in Health, defined the concept as the differences in health that are avoidable, unfair and unnecessary. Also, he kept up(p) that the concept of health inequality has been a topic of constant debate in Europe (Whitehead, 1992).harmonize to few of the other experts of the field, the equality essentially involve absence of systematic disparities in health among the mingled social groups that have different social merits or demerits as heal th inequalities generally affect those who are already in the disadvantageous position in the society (Braveman & Gruskin, 2007).The modern research has proved it m and again that the health inequalities largely depend upon the social classes and social inequalities. It has been observed that more than deprived the class, more prevalent is the inequalities in health.Karl Marx, the celebrated Communist theorist had two specific factors in his definition of class. The initiatory is that of objective factors (this defines the relationship of one with the means of production) and the second involves subjective factors (it is the common interest among the members of the society). Max Weber, on the other hand, developed three component theory of stratification with extreme emphasis upon class, status and politics. He thought the relationship between the three factors varies from society to society.Social class and health are near related. As social class is often associated with ones economic and

Literacy assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Literacy assignment - turn up ExamplePoverty is seen to be unanimously connected with academic achievement in America. This paper exit examine the effect of socio-economic status on academic achievement and literacy. Studies prove that the close to important halt for kids to build up foundational capabilities on which all succeeding development builds is the first 5 years of life. The most remarkable advancement in linguistic and cognitive achievements is developed during this period. (Diener and Wright, 2003) Emotional, communal, dictatorial and ethical dimensions are likewise entangled with these early developmental years. These all are significant areas that will necessitate focused upkeep to build up correctly. Children of poor families are more prone to have troubles in gaining literacy than children of middle or upper class families. Sadly, America possesses extremely high rates of upbringing poverty. In addition, it becomes nearly impractical for the poor families to c ome out of poverty after they get stuck in it. (Pruett and Jackson, 2006) Several studies have shown strong association between family poverty and young individuals literacy, health and conducts. Income of family strongly affects childrens aptitude and attainment and leaves an squeeze on their long-standing emotional outcomes. Hence the connection between family earnings and a childs academic outcomes is much more multifaceted than other factors. References Diener, M.

Critical analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical analysis paper - Essay mannikinl innovations, which save been made to enhance chats such as use of Skype, cell phones, internet, line of products television and text messaging, guide isolated the young generation from the adults instead of bringing them closer. He believes that communication technology has highly confused the young adults. Throughout his book, Bauerlein argues that technology has stupefied the young people, who be utilise these devices to learn pop culture instead of searching important information on civil values, bill and philosophy.Bauerlein develops the alarming trends, which the American youths have adopted because of technology. For instance, he uses statistics to show the increased levels of college and high school dropout cases, which have increased because of communication technology. Additionally, he explains that the levels of illiteracy have risen, with young adults disregarding traditional values and association. Bauerlein explains tha t these trends have been caused by advancements in technology, which have seen the introduction of the digital era. He, however, blames mentors and educators, whom he claims to be advocates of technology to be the straits facilitators of the changes that are experienced among the young adults. He claims that teachers have betrayed the young generation because they do not accentuate the significance of traditional values and knowledge. Blame also, the teachers, professors who will not insist on the value of knowledge and tradition, who will not judge cultural novelties by the high standards set by the past (Bauerlein 65). Bauerlein tries to explain how teachers have facilitated to societal failures by bringing up undisciplined learners. He argues that the form of education that teachers are offering and the teaching of digital media in schools is not sufficient to sustain the future of the young adults because it opposes traditional values.Additionally, Bauerlein claims that most e ducators encourage learners to establish their

External and Internal Environments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

External and Internal Environments - Assignment ExampleSince the amalgamation and formation of The ExxonMobil Corporation, ontogenesis has been significant and connotative to the outstanding performance and competence in the oil colour field of business. The market leading performance is relative to enthronization initiatives by the great deal to improve on the environmental grammatical constituents with the aim of propulsion towards achieving the target objectives (Cooper, 2006). The following entails Exxons general and competitive forces, the future forecasts, the opportunities and threats, strengths and weaknesses and the companys vale prepositions emanating from the spot competences. The economic and technological segments of the general environment in reference to the Exxon Corporation The multinational corporation ranks offset among the six fossil oil giants across the globe. The continuous performance and unchallenged growth emanates from the direct and successful i nvestment of the corporations surplus revenue. In close relation to the investments, the corporation values the other(a) segments in the general environment, for example investing in community welfare programs and initiatives that focus on creating environmentally well-disposed programs (Hogan & Sturzenegger, 2010). These attributes are propellants to the skyrocketing demand with the corporation investing heavily to the required supply and cater to the demand. The future prospects in relation to inclination of demand and supply of oil products signify a state of inelasticity as the forecasted state by the year 2040 shall total at 9 billion, a factor implicating the demand of fuel and energy. With these forecasts, the corporation insists on a continuous investment program in revamping the petroleum projects throughout the affiliated companies (Cooper, 2006). The petroleum field of production is sensitive to technology in resolution to the growing urge of environmentally companion able programs. With the change magnitude threat of global warming, the world reflects emphases on industrial operations and goods that cause little or no harm to the environment. The ExxonMobil Corporation forecasts on the future use of energy in accordance to the increased population. Therefore, the corporation indulges in a continuous technological improvement to produce enough of the required petroleum products (Hogan & Sturzenegger, 2010). Production of alternative energy products that reflect to the general environment is the key to Exxons penetration to other global economies despite the political, legal, social and cultural constraints. The essence is that the economic and technological approaches of the corporation are implicit of the inclined performance of the multinationals operations and competence. Forces of contention In accordance to Michael Porters competitive forces analyses, the main factors of consideration in relation to competition reflect on the new entrants i n the market, extent of substitution, the power of buyers and suppliers, and the existing relations among the present competitors. The petroleum industry stands vulnerable to the threat of competition forces. With the increased demand of petroleum products, manufacturers result into production of bio-fuels to supplement the crude oil levels and production capacity. This factor implicates to the threat of substitution of the crude by the bio-fuel as well as creating a

Week 5 Lt Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 5 Lt Assignment - Essay physical exertionThe operationes involved in these improvements include renovation of machines, increased training of employees and establishment of 5S problem analysis team.A naked as a jaybird process can be measured using various measurement techniques. Most of these techniques ar statistical. One measurement technique is variation and standard deviation. This method determines the level of deviation of the outcome of new process from that of the onetime(a) process. Returns on Investment (ROI) can also be used to measure the death penalty of the new process. This involves the measurement of the returns from the new process compared to its investment (Persse, 2006). The initial investment of the process including changes made to the old process is subtracted from the returns of the new process. ROI differs from the Variance and Standard Deviation because Variance and Standard Deviation compares the new process with the old process while the ROI on ly measures the performance of the new process. However, both measurement techniques show the level of success of the new project based on its performance after the changes to the old

Managing Relationship with Customer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Managing Relationship with Customer - Essay ExampleAs the paper highlights CRM enables the enterprise to understand the node very closely so that its services can be tailor-made to meet each psyche requirement. Kotler et al. support these definitions and stated that customer relation management as the process of carefully managing detailed knowledge about individual customers and all customer involve points to maximise customer loyalty. A customer touch point is any occasion on which a customer encounters the brand and product from actual stick to personal or mass communications to causal observation. The essence of CRM is that it clearly recognises the long-run revalue of potential and current customers, and focuses to increase revenue, profits, and shareholder value through targeted trade activity such as developing, maintaining, and enhancing successful-customer relationships. As Kotler et al. suggest, one of the important goals of marketing is to develop deep, enduring re lationships with people and organisations that could directly or indirectly affect the success of the firms marketing activities. Relationship marketing aims to build mutually welcome long-term relationships with key constituents in order to earn and learn and retain their business. Relationship marketing has four dimensions customers, employees, marketing partners (channels, suppliers, distributors, dealers, agencies), and members of the financial community (shareholders, investors, analysis) and its outcome is the marketing network, a unique asset for the company.

Analysis on Robert Frost Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Essay

analysis on Robert Frost Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening - set about ExampleThe speaker does not provide the reader with more explanation regarding what makes the place an interesting one. However, the directness with which the words are utilized ensures that the reader understands and is left with questions regarding what the speaker does.Despite the words of the numbers universe clear and simple, the author does not present comprehensive description of the place. The speaker in the poem just states the thoughts in the mind and does not provide explanations. Though the speaker presents the thoughts of the horse, this remains the speakers thoughts, as the horse does not speak. In the words, My little horse moldiness think it queer/ to stop without a farmhouse near/ between the woods and frozen lake (5-7), the idea of stopping in the dark woods is thus unusual, but the speaker presents this as a thought of the horse and not his own. This is an indication of the beauty and heartsease of the environment, which creates confusion in the speakers mind, and even causes the horse to experience similar thoughts.Repetition presents an luck for emphasis on a fundamental point that the speaker is communicating to the audience. By saying, But I get under ones skin promises to keep/ and miles to go before I stillness/ and miles to go before I sleep (14-16), the repetition at the end of the poem is meant to emphasize on the promises that the speaker must keep. This promise appears to have been made relatively significant based on the repetition. Having alluded the speakers indecisiveness regarding resting or go along with the journey, this repetition serves to emphasize on these two aspects. The last grapevines emphasize on the fundamental focus of the poem relating to why the speaker is resting, and why he finds the woods captivating resulting in his consideration to rest. The second line is meant to be understood differently from the first one since there as two promises that the speaker must keep before sleeping, but can only accomplish one.

Foodmaster company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foodmaster friendship - Case Study ExampleAt present, the company has 4factories, 16retail branches and two dairy farm farms across the country. Moreover, the FoodMaster factories have the capacity to process more than 100 tons of dairy products daily at present.Initially, the company was interested in the manufacturing of yoghurt alone however the company is currently manufacturing many early(a) dairy products such as Kefir (a healthy dairy drunkenness), Lapped Milk BIO-C Immun+ (a sweet vanilla flavored or crop jam lapped milk), dolce Yoghurt Drink (a gentle creamy drinking yoghurt made from milk of the highest quality, with large cantles of natural juicy fruit), Lactel Milk with Vitamin D (a milk RANGE with vitamin D) and Nenny Yogurt Drink (a drink made from the milk of the highest quality with a wide range of fruit supplements). Arethe yogurt, the sour cream, the home curd, Dolce yogurts and Bio-C Immune+ curdled milk are extremely habitual among the people of Kazakhstan ( FoodMaster, N.d.). The company has the habit of modify and diversifying its product ranges every year, based on the changing trends among the consumers. It should be noted that consumers are always give ear out for new tastes and flavors. FoodMaster Company knows this fact very well and has developed more than 100 popular dairy products as of now. Some of the major landmarks of FoodMaster Companys history are given below. integrity of the major success factors of FoodMaster Company is its commitments to the corporate social responsibility, environmental protection and sustainable development. The companys vision is to provide dairy products with natural ingredients to the people of Kazakhstan. It should be noted that many other expectant dairy companies in other parts of the world are using artificial ingredients to stretch the feeling of dairy products as much as possible. The company is giving more importance to the health and pencil eraser of the people rather than the profi tability

Tegan & Hrad cases Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tegan & Hrad cases - Case Study ExampleThe indorse point is that Hrad Technika agreed to take the be sick on a fixed return basis, which means that Tegan had managed wizard of the fundamental attempts of project management, which is cost. The third issue was Hrad Technika delivery record, which had been above par before the A/P project. These reasons gave Tegan strong reasons to feel safe with Hrad Technica. The other options, such as developing the system locally did non have such strong incentives as at the time of commissioning the project. There was the risk that the project would consume more time and resources compared to outsourcing it.The first trade off is that in that respect is a serious risk that the caller-out will developed biased plans. Being a participant on both sides of the mastery process gives the family undue advantage and produces it hard for it to develop an objective requirements analysis.The second tradeoff is that there would be loss of detail in t he development of the requirements. This comes from the self-confidence the bidding party has that may make them feel some details are not necessary to include in the requirements analysis. In this case, it is plain that Hrad Technica underestimated the cost and the duration it would take to develop the project when it developed the requirements analysis.The third Risk is that the bidding company may end up fitting the requirements analysis to their capabilities. They will interpret the needs of the client company in light of their capabilities, and not necessarily in the context of the needs of the client companyThe utmost risk will be lack of ownership of the project by the client company. The clients company rump disown any problems that accrue from the implementation of the project even if they are genuine simply because of heightened expectations that the company that developed the needs requirement understands their needs well enough.On the other hand, such an arrangement stool end up in the development of

Relationship between French and Industrial Revolutions Essay

Relationship between French and Industrial Revolutions - Essay ExampleAnother characteristic f the innovation is the population growth that it sparked. Following the regeneration, the western population increased six times at bottom two decades (Stanley, 24). This revolution saw the creation of factories, the rise of the works class, modernization and the rise of unions and organizations that effectively fought for the rights of the workers. However, the revolution also came with negative impacts on the society. Child labor and deaths, as well as an upsurge of diseases such as cancer are some of the negative impacts. French revolution on the other break was a period of radical social and political transformations, which had a great impact in France as a country and the whole of the Europe community (Stanley, 20). The monarchial arranging was eliminated and a new political system was established. With the revolution, the aristocratic and religious privileges that were enjoyed by the ruling class ended, and a system that encompassed the creation of equality of any people was established in its place. The principles of enlightenment and of individual rights were effectively established, eliminating the traditional hierarchy system (Stanley, 48). lust and poverty, which was widely spread amongst the population, was a major(ip) cause for the unrests that eventually saw the revolution take place. The family relationship between the French and the industrial revolution is most notable in the effects both created. It is through and through both that the reality of modernity in the western world was realized. The common characteristic of these revolutions is that they created new structures in the society, which paved way for modernization and equality (Stanley, 39). The French revolution transformed the country from the aristocratic monarchial leaders to a people led system of government. This way, it created a channel through which the common man could be hea rd, and through which their needs could be identified. A characteristic relationship between the two revolutions is that they affected any individuals in the countries they took place. The two revolutions also affected all the aspects of the society, transforming the whole traditional society into modernity. The industrial and the French revolution are credited with sparking modernity in the whole of Europe and America (Stanley, 60). The European centerfield class was made by the two revolutions, in that the industrial revolution created jobs for the people, which granted them income and wealth. The French revolution on the other hand brought many changes in the political and governance system that opened up opportunities for the people in agriculture as well as in industries that eventually developed. This way, the revolutions served to establish the working class and improve the modus vivendi of the people. The two revolutions marked a beginning of a different lifestyle for the people (). Both revolutions are related in the sense that they had a great impact in determining the future of their countries and the future generations (Stanley, 55). The present political, social, and economic systems in Europe can be traced underpin to the French and the industrial revolutions. The current workers and labor organizations, as well as many organizations that fight for homo rights in the modern world can effectively trace their roots to the two revolutions. A major relationship between the two revolutions is the economic concepts that the two revolutio

Human Performance Technology Model Essay Example for Free

Human slaying Technology poseur EssayThe journal I had chosen is Minding the hoo-hah , identifying accomplishments issues utilize the Human Performances Technology specimen (HPT) . The mathematical function of this journal is to main a practiceful model for identifying and addressing employee surgical procedure issues in academic libraries , specific eachy in a instruction parking lot . As we know , assessing and improving employee work , especi eachy depository library go are always challenging . However , HPT provides methods for evaluating human capital punishments , such as the capital punishment of employees at a aid point , and , and provides method in kettle of fish problems that are determine . Most of the sequence , instruct is always assumed upshot for mevery makeances issues , but HPT suggests that the didactics is not always the answer and provides a contour of the other(a) solutions referred to intercession . The HPT model maked by the Int ernational Society for Performance Improvement (ISPI , 2010 a ) was used to pass judgment employee feat at the service point in a newly created discipline greens . Various interventions are also discussed the address performances issues in libraries.The HPT model may booster librarians create measurable performance indicators which open fire be used to set standard of performances for employees. This model is utilizable for a combination of savant ploughers, paraprofessionals and librarians. The HPT model comes from field of HPT , which is the combination of education , psychology and business . So , HPT is the serve of identifying and analyzing the gap between current performances ( where iodin is ) and ideal performance ( where matchless wants to be ) using miscellaneous tools such as models .Closing the gap fagful be done finished a propose solution called an intervention. Intervention in HPT refers to a course of action taken to improve performance . each(preno minal) stage of the HPT growth helps one understand the behaviors of people in an government and of the validation as a whole . HPT aims to analyze observable behaviour both someonely and collectively. HPT ensures a through of a variety of areas within an arrangement in order to understand the performance gap. An bug outline of value, norms, culture, structure, performance, and environment is recommended .Through an constitution abbreviation , environmental epitome , gap psycho analytic thinking , crapper causa those who using HPT depth psychology model the performance problem or opportunity . Without careful analysis , inappropriate intervention could be use . Intervention should be immense term , evolutionary and progressive. Learning Commons in Randall Library at the University of North Carolina Wilmington (UNCW ) was using HPT model to evaluate employee performance. The Learning Commons provides a variety of hardware and software, a centralized service point is i ncluded in the middle of the Learning Commons.This service point staffed by librarians who are full time faculty members at UNCW and universitys Technology Assistance Center (TAC) student assistant who are hired to work part time at multiple service points , including the Learning Commons service point , in Randall Library . The primary user group of the Learning Commons is UNCW students . The learning Commons applied HPT after three months opens . The performances issues identified after three months after initiation .While some performance issues may work themselves out overtime , if using the HPT model premature in the operation can identify the problems immediately and prevents the problems . Application of the model can helps to identify the calm down of the causes and helps pinpoint appropriate solution for those issues. An assumption that training is always the appropriate solution for all performances problems can be corrected using HPT . As noted in the HPT model , ther e are some(prenominal) word forms of analysis which are performance analysis , organizational analysis , environmental analysis , gap analysis and cause analysis .A cause analysis follows the performance analysis helps to identify a drop of environmental support or a lack of repertory behaviour. Intervention selection , visualize , and reading follow all analysis phases . That is because after identify all the gaps or problems , then only can select the appropriate intervention to fix the problem . Main Body and Discussion Human Performance Technology (HPT ) is a systematic approach to improving productivity and competence , it is a strategy for firmness of purpose problems and for realizing opportunities related to the performance of people .It uses a wide range of intervention to improve individual and organizational performance . in that respect are three fundamental processes to go through . in that location are performance analysis ,cause analysis and intervention selec tion . It can be applied to individuals , small groups ,and large organizations . Without identified the causes of the issues , the appropriate intervention out(predicate) to created . Learning Commons in Randall Library at the University of North Carolina Wilmington (UNCW) was using HPT model to evaluate employee performance at the service point . First stage of the HPT model calls performance analysis .The performance analysis is to determine if a performance problem exists . A performance analysis includes an organizational analysis , an environmental analysis ,and a gap analysis . The first step in the performance analysis , the organizational analysis , calls for an examination of an organization s vision , mission , values ,goals and strategies . It is important to define the boundaries of the organization in the first place performing this phase in the model . It is useful to dissect all departments or offices that closely related to the specific area under examination.The next component of HPT model is environmental analysis . The environmental analysis examines four important factors which are organizational environment, work environment, work, and the worker. In the HPT model, the Work Environment refers to the resources, tools, human resources, and policies of an organization, or in this case, of the Learning Commons. Work is described as work flow, procedure, responsibilities, and ergonomics. Worker refers to the knowledge , skill , motivation , dribbleation and capacity of an individual .The Gap analysis requires an examination of the actual performance versus the optimal , or desired performance . The information collected through the organizational and environmental analysis . The HPT model provides that the gap falls between the Desired workforce performance and the Actual state of workforce performance. It is important to identify the gaps , then analyze the causes of those gap happens. In Learning Commons , there has a temporary service desk was constructed , new furniture was not soon enough installed and a formal staff training program was not yet implemented .The performances of Learning Commons service was not optimal and causes a gap between optimal and desired performances . Next is causes analysis . As the HPT model suggests , after the performances gap was identified ,the cause analysis should be completed . The cause analysis can determine why the performance gap exists . Once a cause is identified, one or to a greater extent interventions can be selected that pass on be able to close the performance gap . There are some causes for the performances issues . First , data , information and feedback .Initial training and communication of crown procedures , responsibilities and expectations were not provided when the Learning Commons initially opened . Second , environment support , resources and tools . Detailed in Learning Commons employee did not exist . The conflict among workers will be happened . Thi rd , consequences , incentives , reward . There were no consequences , incentives or rewards related to performance at the Learning Commons service point . frontward , skill and knowledge . A deficiency in general knowledge of the library function and the role of the librarians at the service point existed among TAC student assistants .Fifth , motivation and expectations . It is un recognise what motivates Learning Commons employees and what they expect from themselves . After knowing the causes of the issues , intervention selection , design and give risement is needed . Closing the performances gap can be done through recommended solutions called interventions. HPT suggests that training is not always the appropriate solution because training will not solve issues related to motivation and expectation . However , an incentives and rewards will address motivation . There are some interventions existed after knowing the causes .There are rent out description intervention , inst rument and standards intervention , training intervention , performance appraisal intervention . A billet description specifically for employment in the Learning Commons would define each positions duties , responsibilities , working conditions , and assembly line activities , which would help employees understand their own job and the role of the other employees at the Learning Commons services point . Besides that , to remedy problems related to lack of information for job duties and procedures , the recommendation is a documents and standards intervention .The standard operating procedures(SOP) manual would include the job description , expectations , policies , guidelines , and procedures for each position at the service desk . Training intervention is training librarians and TAC students . Training employees would provide expectations for each employee . Performance appraisal intervention show staff that there will be consequences for poor performance and rewards for good per formance . On the other hand , feedback should be encouraged in Learning Commons . Positive feedback should be provided and given from all the employees .Negative feedback is also important to correct everyday issues . After implemented all the intervention that suggested, mustiness evaluate their success based on further analysis of performance . In my opinion , HPT is a very good tool to evaluate the individual performance or organizational performance . As we interpret the problems in Learning Commons , HPT had given a good solution for it in fixing the problem . HPT begins with a comparison of the of the present and the desired levels of individual and organizational performance to identify the performance gap.Once the performance gap and the causes have been determined, the appropriate interventions are designed and developed. These may include step and feedback systems, new tools and equipment, compensation and reward systems, selection and placement of employees, and train ing and development. The interventions are then implemented and the substitute process managed. After implemented all the intervention , The employees in Learning Commons will clear about their roles , responsibilities . At the resembling time , The Learning Commons is already providing to be a nifty resource at UNCW .HPT model must be applied cyclically and systematically over time to evaluate employee performance . However , I do not agree that HPT is always the best tool in solve problem . This is because it might identify wrong data or information during performance analysis . If it is wrong in the beginning of the process , inappropriate intervention might created . This will make the end maker make the wrong decision . While doing wrong analysis , there might slip in a high cost and its will be a waste of time if the analysis is wrong .Moreover , HPT has mentioned a few intervention to fix the problems . Its hard to implement all those intervention at the same time . If cannot implement successfully , the more than(prenominal) problem might exists . barely if whole process is running smoothly , nonethe little , HPT is a very tool in solving problem . I had compared two models which are HPT model and ADDIE model . The ADDIE model is a systematic instructional design model consisting of five phase which are analysis , design , development ,implementation and evaluation phase .There are a few similarities between HPT model and ADDIE model . They both use process of analysis to wait on the problem and seek for the solution as well . However , they have a key different between the model . The ADDIE model addresses the gaps between desired outcomes or behaviours and the audiences existing knowledge and skills. The ADDIE models mainly condense on the individual needs and then design and develop objectives and processes help the individual . Evaluation and implementation do not just happened at the end of the design and development .They are ongoing t o inform the designer . So if there any changes, the necessary solution can be made quickly . The HPT model is different because it more focus on the causes of performance gap . The success of the organization is depend on its employees . HPT will look what causes the employees unable to perform the job . HPTs goal is to increase the bottom line of the company by increasing the individuals ability to perform the job . In addition , it is important that the HPT is look what caused the problem ,while the ADDIE model looks at solving the problem exists .HPT model design seem to also behaviourist approach because the focus is more changing individual behaviour . The HPT model will look at evaluation of the problem and how it was address long after the process . The HPT model has its own advantages . In my view , because HPT model is focused on how the people perform on the job . In my opinion , the workers or the people of the organization is the assets for its organization . So , th e performance of the individual affect overall success of the organization . This model takes many variables into the cover , that there will affect performance .It humanizes the work place because the individuals are allowed to address their problems. At the same time , it may be necessary to provide training course if the individual unable to perform the work is because of lacking information or unknowledgeable . Beside that , HPT model never ignore the reward or motivation . If they have a good performance , incentive or reward will be given to motivate the employees . Every model has its own disadvantages as well , disadvantage I see is how the technologist ensures lifelong working and the successful using the collected information.Because they wait a while in the lead evaluating. It would seem to me that the worker would want to know immediately if they are doing better so that changes can be made more quickly. Feedback is so important to workers feeling successful and compet ent. If there is too much focus on negative feedback, it may have a negative impact on the individual. Where as in the ADDIE model, the workers deficiencies or the causes problems are not the major focus, and you get feedback at various stages instead than only at the end of the process.If I were a human resource professional in any area , I would use HPT model . As I was also a worker before , I see that would be beneficial for all the subordinates or primary worker . If workers feel supported, theyll do better than if theyre not supported. It provides a guide to helping individuals be successful in their work. I think someone who feels successful and competent in their work is more likely to suffer less burn out than those individuals who have no one in their corner to mentor or help them solve whatever issue is keeping them from doing their best on the job.I might also use HPT when talking to friends or baby birdren about getting jobs and being successful on the job. I can con fine it to my own career and be my own trouble shooter as well as look for solutions. This puts a little more power over what I do in my hands because at least I would know that I can change me to help the organization do its job better too. On the other hand , as I mentioned employees are a part of assets of the organization . I think it is the responsibility of the human resource department to choose an appropriate system of performance appraisal .Effective appraisal system motivate the employees all the time rather than joining training . Conclusion In conclusion, HPT model has been described as the systematic and systemic identification and removal of barriers to individual and organizational performance. Nonetheless ,HPT model is an effective tool for uncovering performance issues . The model can be applied to any area in the library where employees must perform and is not limited to humans service . In any new service , some performance issues may work themselves out overtim e while some may not .In some cases , problems left unidentified or unsolved , it may be quite difficult to fix after an extended period of time . It is same like our daily habit or problems , if a parent identified that a child is beginning to pick up a bad habit , it is certainly easier to change the childs behaviour when the parent first notices their childs behaviour . If the parents did not take action to embarrass their child in the beginning , it is hard to stop their child after maintain a long bad habit .Similarity to any other service , if identify the problems early , then can find out the causes and fix it as fast as possible . The model does require immense analysis . Without this analysis , a full picture cannot be taken , assumption will be made , and issues or problems cannot be identified . Optimal employee performance is critical in any organization . From the journal , Learning Commons in UNCW is using human performance technology (HPT ) . It is a library . With libraries needing to demonstrate their value and provide assessment data and administration .The HPT model serves as one more useful tool for libraries to accomplish this . I had read a journal , which is about ADDIE model and I had also compared both ADDIE and HPT model . I found that there have many similarities . But when I go deeper for the journal , I found that there is a big differences . ADDIE model focus more on training building program , while in HPT model , training is only one of the tool . HPT model is not only useful in organization , but also useful for every individual . If did not find out the causes properly , a appropriate solution is impossible to created .

John Berger Essay Essay Example for Free

buttocks Berger Essay Essay magical spell in the M useum of Fine Arts in Boston, I traveled through the different galleries and their various cultures discovering all sorts of nontextual matters from Contemporary cunning, to American art, Japanese art, and even the Egyptian art where I could appreciate the complexity of mummies. Throughout all these diverse cultures of art, I was questioning myself and started to wonder how I could generalize art beyond others opinion slightly them.Moreover, I accomplished that it was a question John Berger, tyro of art and author of the Ways of Seeing, raised in his essay, and it is a question that will always be raised bit demanding how to understand a certain art. locomote through a room where various cut artists had their paintings exposed, I fell in front of the art contribute (see above) painted by Paul Gauguin.I did not choose a French artist to chance upon me remember the French culture that I am missing here in Boston, nor t o pretend that the French ar advanced in art, but a way to analyze and understand, with the experience of a illustrious art critic, an artwork from an artist who astonished me in my previous art classes. Dou venons-nous, Qui sommes-nous, Ou allons-nous? By Paul Gauguin I chose a painting that had a warm expression, and complex story emanating from it. As the rubric of my essay indicates, the title of the painting translated in English is Where are we from? Who are we? Where are we going? So many questions in the title and the painting, but there were as overmuch coming through my mind while studying this image. This artwork is very ambiguous because I do not know how to start looking at it. I can observe pile appearing half naked in the foreground, but we cannot rightfully tell why they appear there. The statue in the back makes the questioning to a greater extent obscure. It seems like an Oracle that gives mess their destiny, and that is maybe why they all look so sad. Truly , I felt that this image was a office of my origin country, West Indies, by the color Gauguin utilize.He used the blue to symbolize the ocean skirt the island, and the mixed race of the habitants by the warm and beige color or the characters. I felt as if I was in the center of the painting, more precisely in the position of the child being sight in the right corner, and waiting to be reassured. I also felt like the person in the middle of the painting, standing up and waiting for answers while traveling through this painting. Gauguins artworks are passing complicated to decipher, so are they to analyze.Gauguin is an artist I studied back in France in my art classes. Consequently, I had seen many of his works, and even the painting I chose However, I had never asked myself how knowing closely his emotional state could help me study his paintings. I was taught in my art classes how to analyze art in a more technical way than in an analytical way like Berger supported. Indeed, when we were looking at the entire anatomical structure of the painting with my art class method, we were focusing on the rinse strokes, the color, the tone, lines and forms, and the composition of the painting.If I had to describe the work of art I chose based on technical features, I would examine the painting give tongue to that the brush strokes could express many emotions at the same time, and describe the painter style and art movement. Gauguin was also objet dart of the post-impressionist painters with artists such as Paul Cezanne or cutting edge Gogh. Post impressionist art was more concentrate on color, lines, outlines and perspective. Concerning Gauguin, the complexity of shapes is very important in his paintings due to their abstract significations. In fact, the lines were not reliable they were round and suggesting bodies that we did not see in art before.Moreover, the color had its importance. Post impressionist artists like Gauguin used color and color combinati on in order to create vulgar, calm or see-through impressions (Robert Hughes). The abstract of the painting I just did was very technical and structural, but in no awareness relevant for discretion the thought process as Berger explained. I was subject to puzzlement as John Berger explained in his essay as the process of explaining away what might otherwise be evident (103). Indeed, mystification appeared while I was looking at the painting.I could sense a certain limit of my understanding due to the previous art classes I had. In other terms, it meant for me that words were coming before beholding whereas seeing should come before words as Berger deciphered in his essay. My mind was already fit(p) for a certain critic roughly the painting based on the knowledge I had Consequently, I could not have another point of raft vis-a-vis the painting I was staring at. Although I acquire a lot from my art classes, especially how to describe an artwork contextually, the observations and point of view of Berger about art gave me enough elements o have a complete analysis of an image, both contextually and historically. apply Berger as a describe for art description helped me to learn more about the painting historically, and much more about the painter himself to have a complete understanding of the artwork. Prior to this assignment, it had never occurred to me to use the biography and the background of the painter in order to facilitate my understanding of the painting. When Berger quoted When we see a landscape, we bank ourselves in the it.If we saw the art of the past, we would situate ourselves in history. (100) in the essay led me to start the analysis of Gauguins painting in a very different way. Actually, when I focused more on the painters life, and follow Bergers analysis, I learned that Gauguin valued to commit suicide afterwards he painted this image. Plus, even though there was a caption under the image saying that it was his last painting, I would not have noticed that it was his last painting, which refers to what Berger described when he talked about Van Goghs last painting.Berger cited The way we see things is affected by what we know or what we commit (97). Clearly, it means that the details you know about a certain painting will prevent you from analyzing it innocently. found on the art experience I acquired in class, I would have said that the image implies distress because of the choice of colors, which were darker than his previous works. However, I think that the title gives us more details about his thoughts while he was painting.Through reading of artistic reviews or even my art book, named Shock of the New by Robert Hughes, I discovered that this work of art should be read from right to left, with the three main groups of people illustrating the questions that are asked in the title. The beginning group with the three women looking at the child represents the beginning of Gauguins life, making a reference to his parents, then there is the group in the middle which symbolizes all the experiences he went through while being a young adult.The last group shows an old lady come together to death because of the darker color he used, moreover, there is an odd white bird at her feet, which could represent the guide to heaven. In the background of the painting, there is a blue statute, which represents what Gauguin described as the hereafter. This painting seems like a flash back of his life, and these three questions lead us to comprehend him break off. Gauguin left a lot of non-answered questions about this painting, considered as a testimony to his life by many critics of art. Indeed, this painting is very complex.I learned by reading my previous art book, that Gauguin wrote a letter to his friend stipulating the reasons of the painting. In this letter, Gauguin said that he had decided to commit suicide in December therefore, he wanted to paint on a huge canvas all the things he had on his mind for so long. Things he absolutely wanted to paint before his death. In this letter, Gauguin also confessed that the value of this painting is so much ahead of his precedents, and that it was a one of a kind that he could not nor would not try to produce a better painting.This sentence clearly explains that he r all(prenominal)ed the height of his life, and that now he drew this painting, there was nothing else he could do better or similar except terminate his life. Gauguin was wondering a lot about the existence of the world, and this perpetual questioning led him to the entitlement of this painting. As I said earlier in my essay, each group of people appearing in this painting is applied to a specific question of the title. Those questions do me think about my own life. Indeed, the questions he used are somehow important to everyone to really understand the meaning of their lives.Berger said The way we see things is affected by what we know or what we believe (97). While looking at this painting, I could recognize some events of my life, for instance, I could recall where I am from and what are my origins, as well as how I did to accomplish such academic success and arrive in the United States. Furthermore, due to my art background, I could understand better the expression and feelings Gauguin was trying to deliver in this painting with his powerful colors and thick traits. Approaching art is not easy at first glance, thus approaching it with different methods makes it more difficult to understand.Throughout my life, I have been able to view art in many different context, either artistically speaking when I was in art classes in France, or analytically this year when I had to analyze art with the support of an art critic opinions. For me, both ways were complementary to each other and drastically improved my understanding of art. Complementary in the sense that I could rely on my technical knowledge of art to understand the structure of a painting, and also analyze the story of the painting as Berger mentioned to fully understand the underlying message of an artwork.

I deserve to be a Scholar Essay Example for Free

I deserve to be a Scholar studyTo pass Education in UST is genuinely an achievement for me. Before I took up the examination, I was so scared be pillow slip, even though I am sure-footed that I can manage to practise the exam, I am still afraid that I may not be able to baffle a slot because I am one of the applicants of the last batch. After passing the examination, I rattling regret that I failed to reserve my slot between the date I received the results up to the deadline of reservation. So, the min the Dean of Education allowed me to have a late reservation for my slot in UST, I rightfully felt absolute happiness and thanksgiving that finally, I am able to study on a decent and receiven school. Being asked by my sectionmates to teach them everytime they get trouble in studying makes me joyful and pleasured. But you know what? There is a side that makes me confuse of choosing the course, Education. Why? Because many of my relatives, my father, and even the parents o f my classmates express that Education doesnt suit my intelligence. I deserve more. A higher degree and profession. They always commend me medicine but well, I do like medicine and I sincerely dreamt to be a doctor well-nigh(a)day back to childhood days but its not the course I really prioritize right now. Its not what do my heart and soul says. Maybe because I know that we cannot afford it and in reality, it takes too long to graduate. Moreover, I am finally decided to myself that I privation to teach because I was inspired by my late Mommy Joyce who is a LET passer and to my teachers thats looks like enjoying the make for they have. And in addition I really love teaching thats wherefore its final that I provide focus in BS Education to be my course in College. It seems that teaching is a really nice profession and I imagine of going to a classroom full of school-age childs and be able to teach them and afterwards developed a professional one someday. To be offered such(pr enominal) kind of scholarship makes me overwhelmed and confident of myself. It makes me think that I am so gifted to be given such glorious award. As I thought, I dont need a scholarship because I am cerebration that more people deserve this more than I do and I already credited my scholarship for being the Valedictorian so I am thinking that maybe, its already enough. But then, I realized that working abroad to fool a animate for your two daughters and as well as aming for them to study in a good school is such a hard job for my mom. So I was thinking that this opportunity might be a way to lessen the burden to my mom and to be given such additional scholarship would be a really big help for my college degree. Most of my acquires childhood friends told me that my parents are really good in academics thats why they think I inherited my intelligence form them. My mother also shared some of her memories and hardships shed encountered and suffered when she was a student.She experie nced being a laundrywoman to earn currency for her to finish college and it was really hard for her not to eat sometimes skillful to save money for her projects and learning materials. According to her, there will be no success if you havent set about hardships at all. She always asked me to study hard for us not to have the same fate as hers. Because of her I am so persistent to study hard and finish my studies. I told myself that if I will be able to study without her financial support, it will be a big relief for her. Since my infant is studying as an Engineer at Mapua, she said that if I push studying in UST, her net profit wont be enough to sustain both of us as well as the expenses in our house and daily living. I cannot ask for my fathers help either cause he already have a new family and what he can get from his job is near enough for them. I believe that sholarships are granted for those students who has a potential and I am confident that I am one of those because ba ck in highschool days, I have maintained a high and well good grades, participated in various organizations, active in school affairs, helpful to the teachers, stanch to my alma mater and even showed cooperation in my community. I always worry of having low grades and I really work hard in every little thing I do. I remember those nights that I am wide awake studying my lessons and reviewing for examinations. I am also a consistent honor student of my school. When I was in highschool, I always wanted to be a part of those programs and contests. Among my classmates, I am usually the one sent by my school as a representative on some events and contests like quizbee. In fact, I was awarded to be the Most Active of my class. I also received some special awards from our City Mayor for the completion of the days being an Imus Youth. I recite well during class hours and I even tutor my classmates before finals. With those moments and achievement I had in my highschool days, I am proudly s aying that I deserve to have this scholarship and I know that my characteristics made me a competitive applicant for this. Thats why, if blessed, I want to have this scholarship for I know that I amresponsible enough, committed to my studies and my aims and goals in life would always bring me to success because I wholeheartedly waste my full and best effort in doing everything to achieve what I want. I never hand over and stop until I get what I want and I always do my best just to maintain high and good grades. Through this scholarship, I would be able to achieve my dream of become a professional teacher someday thats why I will do everything so that I will not lose this scholarship. Most of all, whith the confidence and determination I have as a student, I believe that granting me this award wont be a waste at all.

Summer Vacations Essay Example for Free

Summer Vacations raise1. What I did on my summer vacations.Last summer, we cant have a lot of restful vacations, because I have to move here, but we have a one weekend that my family and I went to Cancun. We had enormous time together with the joy of swimming, lying on the b distributively and got a lot of souvenirs. That was my vacation on July. The weather was so hot. My father decided to go to Cancun beach. We bought 5 train-tickets and went on the trip excitedly. That iniquity I couldnt sleep well. I just thought about the interests. We arrived at 9 am. Then my parents rent a house for a hotel. We unlocked our handbag and quickly went to the beach. Dad brought us a kite to fly ball it. We swam a lot, until 11 am.At lunch time, we ate burgers with bacon. The food was so delicious that my brother valued to eat more and more. We took a nap for about 3 hours, then got up to meet several(prenominal) friends. Unfortunately, when we arrived at my father friends house, he wasnt at home that time. Some neighbors told us that he had came to the beach to relax. So we decided to go there by taxi. The cost wasnt expensive. When we arrived, my fathers friend was eating a lot. Then we hobble there to swime until 6 o clock.At night, we went sight-seeing with some tourist. We saw beautiful natural landscapes and ate ice-cream. We felt pleasant.2. How my family celebrates HolydaysFirst, my mom and two girls in my family (Mom, grandmother, aunt, cousin etc..) get together to cook an epic meal each year we used to go over Xmas eve to 1 of sister-in-laws house for whole family gathering. in that location are 3 kids in my family, did the Xmas tree present thing and all that. Would say Thank You ingathering when all done. Now 2 are grown up oldest has 2 little ones so report repeats itself with my grown kids and grandchildren. All at my house, nice midday meal and enjoyment of each other. At night we used to put the presents in the tree, but there is no little ki ds in the family, so we havent wait untill next morning to open them, always is a nice time with the family and we anathema to make everyday like Xmas.

The Fashion Chanel Essay Example for Free

The counterfeit Chanel EssayWhat are the 5 primary types of consumer and market data countenanced in the case you would consider if you were Dana bicycler? Discuss precise result elements (not a summary of the exhibits). As Dana Wheeler, I would consider the following flipper primary types of consumer and market data 1. C fit Ratings Both Advertising and Affiliate revenue pull up stakes view upon these as the usability of a transport to the cable company and advertisers depend upon the amount of viewers a impart has. 2.Annual Demographic Survey Provides key data to focus on 18-34 year female iewers. This interview group would be the prime focus as their viewership allow attract the advertisers and entrust have them get the largest CPM. 3. Advertising Revenue Model Advertising revenue is the largest source of income for the business which could go mountain by 10% if there was no change in the cable strategy. 4. Competition fread-only memory other Networks This data allows the channel to find what is close to desirable amongst the viewers thats attracting them to the other channels. . Attitudinal Research Findings Cluster segmentational Data leave alone provide an insight nto different viewer populations as to what to focus in order to market effectively livery in high CPM. 2. Consider 3 primary options presented. Discuss the pros and cons of each Broad Multi ingredient come out This includes targeting viewers from all the age ranges including Fashionistas, Planners Shoppers and Situationalists by investing in marketing and advertising campaign as well as programing.PROS This prelude will lead to approximately 20 % increase in viewership as it will be targeting a broad range of viewers increasing their awareness and liking towards the channel. Also, it will not require an additional programing expense as compared to the other approaches and will deliver or so $40 M more in terms of wage income as compared to the base income of 2007. CONS Ad gross revenue forecasted a decrease by 10% in CPM if the on-going trend continues. Broad Multi Segment approach still does not present with a different category of viewers to maintain $2. 0 CPM, instead, it brings it down to $1. 80, which is the same 10% decrease. Since this approach does not target specific audience, TFC will still run chthonic risk of competitors as CNN and lifetime penetrating their premium segments. Fashionistas segment Approach This includes targeting Fashionistas which are strong in highly valued 18-34 year old female group. PROS Since this approach mainly targets 18-34 year old females, it will lead to a higher CPM of about $3. 50 from base $2. 00 which will generate a net income of about $century M more as compared to the base income.Also, it will help TFC to compete with Lifetime which mainly targets females ranging from 18-34 years. CONS The amount of viewers targeted in this approach is mere 15 % of all viewers which will decrease the channels ratings from period 1. % to 0. 8%. Also, it will cost an additional programming cost of $1 5 M to the channel. Also, targeting one specific audience will not create much awareness or liking of the channel in other viewer groups and they might likewise lose their doglike viewers. Fashionistas and Planners/ shoppers segment approach This will include programming targeted to Planners/ Shoppers and Fashionista segments.PROS This scenario will yield approximately $115 M more in net income as compared to the base income of 2007 due to an they will also be able to compete with other channels and attract their viewers. CONS This approach is the most expensive approach with a come up incremental cost of $20 M. Also this change in programming might cause the channel to lose their loyal viewers and might result in declining viewership 3. If you were Dana Wheeler, what solution would you recommend and why? As Dana Wheeler, I would suggest approach 3 i. e. Fashionistas and Planner/shoppers s egment approach, due to the following reasons 1.The Broad Multi Segment Approach would lead to an increase in ratings from 1. 0% to 1. 2% but as it is not targeted to specific audience, here is a high risk of losing that rating to the competitors. Also, the amount of net profit made would be least in this case i. e. about $40 M yielding a profit beach of 29% which will be a mere 10% more than base profit for the current year. 2. The Fashionista Segment Approach would attract the highest desirable audience population i. e. females ranging 18-34 years thereby steer the channel to increase the CPM from $2. 00 to $3. 50.The amount net profit made in this case would be about $100 M more, yielding a profit margin of 37% which will be a material 18% more han the base profit. This approach leads to a decline in the ratings from 1. 0% to 0. 8%, as it targets only 15% of the audience population. Also, it requires an additional expense of 15 million and a risk of losing current the loyal cl ients if the channel becomes too targeted on Just one kind of audience. 3. The Fashionistas and Planners/Shoppers Segment Approach seems most favorable as despite the $20 M programming cost, this approach targets 50% of its audience which will enhance viewer ratings from 1. % to 1. 2 % as it will enable the channel to attract audience rom competitor channels as well. This approach is not too drastic but will also cover the desirable viewer range of 18-34 year females, yielding a CPM increase from 2. 0% to 2. 5%. As a result, this approach would yield a net profit of $1 15M more leading to a profit margin of 39%, which is 20% more than the base profit.

Edinburgh Napier library services Essay Example for Free

Edinburgh Napier program library go EssayEdinburgh Napier University was established as a technical college in 1964 taking its name from famous artisan of logarithms, John Napier. Since 1971, the college has started to offer degree level cultures. In 1992, the college was converted to university, and changed its name to Napier University. However, in 2009, the university changed its name to Edinburgh Napier University. To fire highschool academic integrity, the university aims to implement scal commensurate high level Library Information Systems in range to offer high quality learning. (Edinburgh Napier University, 2009, Microsoft Corporation, 2006). The objective of this proposal is to evaluate an initiative of the Edinburgh Napier library operate. To enhance greater understanding of proposal, it is essential to can brief description of the inquiry area. 1. 1 Background of Research The university open up Electronic Library Information systems in 2000, and since this p eriod, the library has acquired huge amount of academic resources in electronic formats. However, with increase in the academic complexity, learners are increasingly facing challenges in accessing academic resources from the university library.(Edinburgh Napier University, 2008). By visit the current online library resources, it is revealed that the university is facing challenges to provide high quality and innovative e- library services. Although, the university e-library has offered various services such as e-resources, article of faith resources, correction and research, users information, and information on the library resources, however, it is revealed that in that respect are various lapses in the live library services that have led to gaps in the knowledge.The university teaching resources from WebCT has non provided social teaching networking where students and tutors go out be able to interact when lecture is taking place. Thus, the university has not been able to pr ovide virtual face-to-face teaching system that resembles traditional teaching method. As creation argued by Rolfe et al (2008), the WebCT which is one of the university library resources of Napier Edinburgh University has not been able to provide social interactions for students. The lack of talk do not provide rich virtual academic standard for students.Moreover, the university has not be able to offer 24 hour service for students in the physical university libraries such as Canaan Lane, beauteous Bank, Craighouse, Craiglockhart, Livingston, Melrose, and Merchiston. The books in these libraries have not been available online. To address this problem, the university needs to implement scalable e-Resources Strategy in allege to achieve high quality e-learning. It is essential to realise that the library should be able to provide varieties of online portals that should provide social networking for students and instructors.The recommendation provided is that the existing softwar e and hardware that were used for the university library resources need to be upgraded to high quality and scalable new software and hardware. The comparison between national and international students on the effectiveness of university library resources has revealed that overall international students are happy with the university library resources. Compared to home students where only 54% of home students are happy with the university library resources. (Bawden, Robinson, Anderson et al 2007).Thus, the proposal attempts to address these gaps and make recommendations to the library. To achieve these objectives, the study provides the outline of the project in the box below. 2. Project outline for the project 1. The idea for this research arose from The research arose from the shortcoming identified in the library services of Edinburgh Napier University. The research attempts to provide recommendations to the library in order to fill the gap. 2. The aims of the project are as follo ws To provide understanding among students the different means of accessing material by dint of the various services.To provide recommendations of high quality and scalable e-library resources in order to ensure easy and loyal accessible of learning materials. 3. The main research questions that this work impart address include To what extent the existing library resources have been able to satisfy the need of students and staff? What are the high quality and scalable methods to improve university library resources? 4. The software development/design work/other deliverable of the project exit be The software design will involve Software Development Life Cycle which is typically referred as waterfall model.The prototype of the software design reveals that output from a specific stage will provide the inputs for the next stage of software design. 5. The project will involve the following research/ field of battle work/experimentation/evaluation There will be primary and secondary research to subscribe out this project. Moreover, there will be experimentation of software and hardware that will be assiduous for the proposal. 6. This work will require the use of specialist software MOSS 2007, Microsoft cluster, Web 2. 0 7. This work will require the use of specialist hardwareVM Ware Tools, Linux Server, podcasts, Virtual hardware 8. The project is being undertaken in collaboration with The project is done in collaboration with a researcher and school of computing. (Bawden, Robinson, Anderson et al 2007) 3. shutdown The proposal attempts to evaluate an initiative of Edinburgh Napier library services. The study has revealed that there are shortcomings in the existing university library resources. The gaps identified are that the university has not been able to offer 24 hours services for some of the library resources.Moreover, the WebCT has not been able to offer virtual classroom experience for students where learners would enjoy virtual classroom experience unless like traditional learning. Thus, the proposal has recommends that the existing software and hardware need to be upgraded to ensure that the university offers high quality and scalable library services for students. References Bawden, D. Robinson, L. Anderson, T. et al (2007). Towards Curriculum 2. 0 library / information education for a Web 2. 0 world. Library and Information Research. 31(99)14-25).Edinburgh Napier University, (2009). History of Edinburgh Napier University. Scotland. Edinburg University Press. Edinburgh Napier University, (2008). Napier University Learning Information Services E-service strategy Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press. Microsoft Corporation, (2006). Napier University, University Streamlines Access to Student Services with Improved E-Learning Portal. Microsoft Corporations. Rolfe, V. Alcocer, M. Bentley, E. (2008). Academic Staff Attitudes Towards Electronic Learning in humanities and Sciences. University of Nottingham. UK.

Sonnet anlysis 116 Essay Example for Free

sonnet anlysis 116 EssaySonnet 116 is clearly one of the m any poems that take part of Shakespeares Quarto1. From the name, we can therefore non deduce any important informations that could be useful in analyzing it, as it was just now given a number as a title. Yet by dint of first impressions we can immediately notice that all rhyming and iambic pentameter specifications quatrains, couplets and syllables, are followed and respected to blamelession and simplicity.Reading through the beautiful lines of this poem, one immediately notices the ease of the speech chosen to express the thoughts of the speaker. What the speaker is saying are his thoughts about sack out. What dear is and what love is not. Reading and rereading, I have to be sincere and say that I agree with what Shakespeare wrote 500 years ago.He divides his thoughts at heart the quatrains and couplets of his sonnet. In the first quatrain he talks about what love is not in the second, what love is and in the thi rd, he talks once again about what love is not.The opening line of the first quatrain includes, Let me not to the marriage of true minds / admit impediments. here he introduces the fact that he believes that true love is perfect and unchangeable no matter the situation encountered.With the use of an enjambment, there being no form of discover between lines, the poet is capable of grabbing peoples attention and making them immediately aware of what the recurring theme actually is love being solid despite everything.Another poetic technique used in this first quatrain is alliteration being when there is a repetition of consonants in words near each other. This can be found in line 1 and 3, with the repetition of Ts. This could then be further developed and say to be a consonance if looking at the first and second quatrains because of the various repetitions of Ts at the demolition of several words.In love is not love we have the presence of euphony where we hear the repetition of the vowels o creating a phonetic technique.In the second quatrain, we then encounter a fairly blowzy metaphor to notice which compares the sea, to life. an ever- unflinching mark that looks on tempests and is never shaken A person goes through life, but like a ship does through sea. With tempests the speaker refers to obstacles encountered on the way, but as bad brook comes and gos, so do difficulties. As in ever-fixed mark we have to do with a light house, which is fixed and remains in place just like love. As light houses guide ships through the sea, love guides people through life the speaker in fact proposes to find your way to navigate through the stars and you give encounter your will, It is the star to every wandering bark.In line 7 we can in addition find assonance, the repetition of a vowel in this case the repetition of As which grab peoples attention. vision is also very frequent in this poem, worths unknown, although this height be taken. Like stars, love is somet hing we can wraith and feel but the fact that one can use it does not mean that you can measure out it. The true value of love is unknown and cannot be calculated the same way height could be. We simply have to live it day by day and be ready to live new experiences. have intercourse really does take an important role in peoples lives, and really does help them to navigate through the divers(prenominal) stages of growth and development. What Shakespeare is trying to explain is that no matter what, we should always feel to have affection, and we should learn to bruise any difficulties as a tempest, always goes away sooner or later.In the third quatrain we go through a series of images and personifications that allow us to reflect much upon what is said to us. Loves not clock fool love is not arenaionate about time, and even though beauty changes love is not fooled and does not change. though rosy lips and cheeks, time is personified into a face and we get the impression that it can be trapped and conquered, as can be a beautiful face with rosy lips.bending sickles compass with a sickle being a menacing harvesting tool, we can deduce once again that physical beauty can vanish. Giving the imagery of a menacing tool like a sickle, we get a very close connection towards death.Love cannot absolutely be measured in brief hours and weeks, it is eternal. Going on, bears it out even to the edge of doom. To doom it refers to dooms day in which the world will end. The speaker declared that love will last until then end, no matter what.In the final couplet, the speaker gives us the idea of truth in his words. He says that if his statements are proved wrong, he would tag to not have written a word. He does also know that, it is impossible to have never loved, so this ensures you that what Shakespeare claims to be his view of love, is actually entirely true.

The African Americans Throughout the History of Mass Communication Essay Example for Free

The African Americans Throughout the level of Mass Communication EssayMass communication uniform a shot has truly gained enormous advancements since it was first genuine back then. The field continually grows and develops as more and more technological innovations are taking bureau straightawayadays. Indeed, mass communication has truly gone a long way. If its tale would be t hied back then, we provide find out how the field changed without the ages. Moreover, tracing back the roots of mass communication would fork up how us how its forms to a fault changed. From wired communication, mass media suddenly became a wireless one. In addition to this, autobiography of mass communication would also allow us to see the reflection of the mass or the people. With this, history of mass communication would tell us about the humanity in general, including one of the greatest stock-still most controversial races from all around the globethe African-Americans. How does the history of mass media reflect the African-Americans throughout the years? The African Americans is one race that holds a rich culture and history.Most of what the race has gone through were also reflected through various forms of mass media, including those of the radio, print, television, advertising, public relations, and film industries. Radio Industry Perhaps as a result of discrimination, it was not for some decades before African Americans began participating in the radio field. in that respect were occasional African American singers in the radio. However, a dedicated African American radio transmit was founded much later than others.In todays context, it is just ironic that African Americans are now the artists that are played much on the radio and there is a significant number of African Americans working with radio productions. Television Industry Television just shows the thinking of the present generation. In the antecedent years of television, it is just understandable that there is only little participation of the African American clubsome may not even had he chance to watch television.But in todays world, there are many famous and influential African Americans shown in television like Oprah and Barrack Obama. This shows that this generation treats African Americans without discrimination. Film Industry Since the earliest times of the film industry, African American actors had shown tremendous talent in acting. Additionally, the world had learned how to laugh with African American humor. Interestingly, African American actors and actresses are present in almost all movie genres.One outstanding African American actress is Halle Berry, who is the first and still only African American woman to be awarded by the prestigious honorary society Award for Best Actress in 2002. With the changes with the way African Americans are portrayed nowadays, their history somehow also changes. Through the history of mass media, we are able to see how the African Americ ans rose from an oppressed race to one proud people.

Research on Work-Family Balance Essay Example for Free

Research on Work-Family Balance mootIntroductionThe mastering of a foreign lyric poem opens the roads for the transit of citizens whether for wrick, business, or tourism purposes, as thoroughly as for cultural and expressational exchanges of all in all kinds. In this light, the status of incline as a globular quarrel in politics, economics, education and the media, especially the Internet, is widely ac companionshipd. Typically, extrasensory science has functi id to help language bookmans cope with the features of language or to develop the competences needed to responsibleness in a discipline, profession, or workplace. (Helen. Basturkman. 20066) Learning, as a language based activity, is totally and profoundly dependent on diction knowledge. Learners must adjudge access to the meanings of speech communication which is good, related to their subject matter. knowing the adept footholdis non a sufficient condition for booming interpret of specialize mater ial. It was, in fact, the non- skilful damage which created more of a problem. (Cohen et al. 1988162) For m all people phraseology, particularly specialiser dictionary (or bourninology), is a key element of extrasensory perception.Despite this, wording studies and, in particular, the precept of language step to the fore to have been whatsoeverwhat neglected in clairvoyance( Laufer p-167, Swales p224). Reading, for students of slope for precise purposes ( extrasensory perception), is probably the close of import expertness in marchess of acquiring new knowledge. It does, however, bundles pose instruction problems, especially with detect to phraseology. The psycholinguistic model of reading widely favoured in linguistics and cognitive psychology in the 1960s and seventies considered that the main constructs underlying reading atomic number 18 making predictions and deducing meaning from context (cf.Goodman 1976127). However, during the 1980s, the interactive gli de path to reading became dominant, in which it was proposed that in(predicate) comprehension is achieved by the interactive use of devil reading strategies the top-down salute (i.e. making use of the readers previous knowledge, expectations and experience in reading the text) and the bottom-up approach(i.e. understanding a text mainly by analyzing the linguistic process and sentences in the text itself cf. Sanford Garrod 1981 Van DijkKintsch 1983 Carrell 1988.Research in clairvoyance reading (e.gSelinker Trimble 1974 Cohen et al. 1988) provides empirical instigate for the interactive framework, take chancesing morphonographemic word-processing skills to be a major gene of reading. It has also, since the 1980s, been broadly agreed among researchers (cf. Kennedy Bolitho 1984 Trimble 1985 Cohen et al. 1988) that for non-native extrasensory perception readers the most(prenominal) problematic element in comprehending scientific and skilful (ST) texts is a set of verbiage items that has been variously labeled technical and semi-technical. Whatever the name minded(p) to the address in this group, if they push through to hinder students of clairvoyance in comprehending texts in their discipline, it is worth temporary hookup for language instructors and ESP practiti unrivalednessrs to seek ways in which learners lexical repertoires rouse be raised to at least the threshold train of ball-hawking readership in their chosen palm.It is known to most second language learners that the acquisition of dictionary is a fundamental and important component in the course of their learning. A good mastery of phrase is essential for ESP/EFL learners, especially for those who learn for specific purpose or expect to operate at an advanced level in English. It is wise to direct language learning to more specialized aras when learners have mastered the 2000-3000 lecture of command usefulness in English (Nation, 2001187). I leave behind identify the typ es of vocabulary in ESP texts and their relative magnificence. I will provide an overview of more or less key issues relating to the reading of ESP vocabulary.Types of vocabularyIn teaching and learning vocabulary, its essential to distinguish between different types of vocabulary because different types of vocabulary need different focus and treatment or some types of vocabulary will be take holdn priorities and emphases in teaching and learning according to leaners different aims of learning.1. Core and non- total vocabularyOne way of looking for at the status of terminology in lexical line of merchandises is to consider whether some actors line be more core, or central to the language, than an some other(prenominal)s. The idea that there might be a core or basic vocabulary of speech communication at the heart of some(prenominal) language is quite an appealing one to language educators, for if we could isolate that vocabulary then we could equip learners with a surviv al kit of core linguistic communication that they could use in virtually any situation, whether spoken or scripted, formal or informal, or any situation where an absolutely precise term, might be elusive and where a core word would do. (McCarthy.199049) As the word core suggests, core vocabulary refers to those words that be more central to the language than other words and tend to be the most frequently hapring ones. People prefer to use such words because they do have core meaning-potential (McCarthy, 1990). They ar thought to be more core because it is easy to find an antonym, also they ar neutral in formality and us up to(p) in a wide vicissitude of situations. Furthermore, an important point is that such words shadower be used to retell or give definitions of other words.For example, (McCarthy, 1990) the following instruction is given decide which is the core word in the set of words slim, slender, thin, purposeless(prenominal) and scrawny and we piece of tail easil y figure out that thin is the core word Core vocabulary words of neutral meaning in any lexical set core words collocate more readily with a wide kitchen range of words, they whitethorn be used in a wider range of registers, and are usually involved in the definition of non-core members of their set. In ESP teaching, we whitethorn come across subject-specific vocabulary, which is non-core as far as the language as a whole is concerned. This is because it is not neutral in theater and is associated with a specialized topic (Carter, 1988172).They are subject-specific core vocabulary conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, limestone and dolomite, gypsum, phosphate, iron, oxide, crude oil, hydrocarbons-compounds, hydrogen, sulpher, atomic number 8 and nitrogen, vaporific fuels, methane, synthetics, fossil fuels, igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks.In fact that the need of ESP students is to learn such preceding(prenominal) mentioned core vocabulary in create verbally and spoken langu age in their profession, ESP students with specific and academician purpose may need to acquire technical and semi-technical words in their specializer texts which are in need for them to learn and use it in speech and musical composition documents. Specialist vocabulary can be core in the job establishment where specialiser use it frequently and in need, as substantially as during the ESP classes where ESP instructor and student fruitful inter doing and it is very central for communication, especially, writing documentations where specialist uses core-specialist vocabulary as fountainhead as ESP student may learn that core vocabulary in texts which are full of technical and semi-technical vocabulary and which is central to learning.2. Spoken and written vocabularyThe spoken text is an example of what Ure(1971) calls language-in-action, that is , people are using language as an accompaniment to the action they are engaged in, and the feeling of lightness or heaviness of vocabul ary is what Ure calls lexical density(McCarthy199071) The written text is less dependent on physical context and its words fasten specific bring up to items in the situation. Speaking versus writing is one important dimension affecting lexical density, precisely some spoken modes(e.g. oral exam narrative, or a formal lecture) might be lexically quite dense.(McCarthy.199071) Although most of the existing literary works on vocabulary has grown out of the study of written texts. spoken texts look less dense than the most written texts in vocabulary items, which is characterized in language-in action texts repetition and lexical negotiation occur much more ofttimes in spoken discourse than in written texts vague and alternatively general words are more frequently used in insouciant talk than in written texts.Spoken vocabulary is what we got from written vocabulary to use orally, by line of credit we cant use full written education in speech as well as thinkable, there are a l ot of written information in the past and in the present, for using substantive ideas, at stolon, we should consider which is more available and more demanding for job and for daily disembodied spirit to use. ESP students who study the written texts, based on technical and semi-technical vocabulary, consequently, will product spoken vocabulary which is leaded from the information of written vocabulary. Thats why spoken and written vocabulary is essential in ESP courses.3. Procedural vocabulary language used to explain other words, to structure and organize their meaning. Procedural Vocabulary consists of words with a in high spirits indexical potential, which means that they can be interpreted in a wide range of ways. Identifying items in the lexicon that seem to carry a heavy work-load(e.g. the core vocabulary) must intromit a consideration of how some words are characteristically used to talk virtually other words, to paraphrase them and define them and to organize them in communication. Widdowson(1983) describes this kind of vocabulary as procedural. Robinson (1988) refers to this simple lexis of paraphrase and explanation to illustrate procedural vocabulary and calls the procedural words the main element in our version and categorization of specific frames of referenceVer-mic-u-lite-type of Mica that is a very light material made up of thread resembling parts, that can be used for keeping heat inside buildings, growing seeds in, etc.(McCarthy.199051) We need intelligence (relations between words) and denotation (relations between words and the world) in conjunction.However, learners at all levels will need to rest the procedural lexicon of the language they are learning (McCarthy.199052) Widdowson (198392) makes a distinction between words which are schematically bound and words of high indexical (or procedural they are synonymous) potential. The schematically bound words destine the frames of reference and identify particular stadiums hydromet er has low indexical potential and will occur in a narrow range of texts identifiable within certain scientific and technical fields (McCarthy.199051) Procedural vocabulary is characteristically used to talk about, paraphrase, define and organize words in communication. They are crudely used in dictionaries to give definitions.Students of vegetable oil design may find them useful when learning other words for the accumulation of their vocabulary. It is true that students are required procedural vocabulary that helps them understand the technical vocabulary used in the process of establishing word meaning. The important role of procedural vocabulary lies, therefore, in the assumption that meaning is not static, entirely can be negotiated through interaction between participants hence, demanding when? and why? Because of unknown technical and semi-technical vocabulary, which is quite complicated to understand, and is the main tool in the texts to apprehend their own strong point .ESP instructors should give definitions by using procedural vocabulary, which may give a specific description of the word. On the other hand, to use procedural vocabulary, ESP students need to know, approximately 2000 vocabulary words. After having gained them, students are able to define the technical and semi-technical vocabularies which are very complicated to comprehend and to predict. However, with the help of procedural vocabulary use, I believe that ESP teachers, after having used the procedural vocabulary, could give the exact definition of the unknown word. Consequently, ESP students may guess what it is in L1. Thats why the use of procedural vocabulary is essential in ESP classes.4. proficient and semi-technical vocabulary numerous ESP teachers have found that vocabulary can be one of the major problems that effect students understanding of scientific and technical texts. According to Kennedy Bolitho (1984), Trimble(1985) and Nation (1990), the difficulty lies not with technical vocabulary as such plainly, as Cohen et al. (1988 153) put it even students with mastery over the technical terms become so frustrated in reading technical English that they seek native-language summaries of the English texts, or native-language books covering roughly the same material, or do not read the material at all, but concentrate rather on taking verbatim lecture notes. ESP students generally find their difficulties in reading Petroleum design texts because of not knowing technical and semi-technical vocabulary in L2, and this does indeed appear to be one of their major problems in comprehending texts of their subject area, especially during second and third years of study.Many of the problems that the students encounter in using English are related to comprehension, and are caused by their limited knowledge of vocabulary, including crucially, a lack of awareness of polysemy. Increasingly researchers have favoured the view that such an area of vocabulary creates significant barriers to students understanding of (ST) texts, but the discussion has been complicated by the use of several different terms for what appears to be the same intermediate-level area of difficulty, for which mentionators such as Cowan (1974), Robinson (1980), Trimble(1985) and Tong(1993a, 1993b) use the term sub-technical vocabulary, while others use non-technical with or without (cf. barber 1962 Nation 1990 Tao 1994), and still others use semi-technical (St John Dudley-Evans 1980 Farrell 1990 McArthur 1996b). We cannot teach our scientific and technical students the whole of the scientific vocabulary this is beyond the capacity of any individual.Nor do we normally want to teach them the specialized technical terms of their own subject.what the English teacher can usually hope to do is to teach a vocabulary which is generally useful to students of science and technology-words that occur frequently in scientific and technical literature of different types. Some of thes e words will be technical ones, but many will not. The true reasonableification for having highly specialized texts is to achieve face validity. Learners may be more motivated by them, because they make the language seem more relevant. But learners can be fickle. And if the use of such texts makes work in the classroom difficult, learners will soon lose their liking for such texts (Tom Hutchinson and Alan Waters.1995162) Coxed and Nation(2001) categorize vocabulary for teaching and learning into four groups of words high frequency words, academic vocabulary, technical vocabulary, and low frequency vocabulary.They surround when learners have mastered control of the 2,000 words of general usefulness in English, it is wise to direct vocabulary learning to more specialized areas depending on the aims of the learners (p. 252-253).( Helen. Basturkemn.200617). According to Bloor and Bloor(1986), teaching a specific variety of English (ESP) can start at any level including beginners. Mor eover, learning from the specific variety of English ( for example, English for doctors, English for hospitality), is highly efficacious as learners acquire structures in relation to the range of meanings in which they are used in their academic, workplace, or professional environments (Helen. Basturkmen. 200617) Sager(p-98) writes terminology is an applicable field of study concerned with the creation, allurement and ordering of the vocabulary of special languages..this work is carried out by relatively few people for the get of all users of special languages. Sager notes the assumption that specialized communication can be made more effective If terms are formed according to certain prevailing patterns which have a predictive value.Alber-De Wolf( p-167) suggests that a good knowledge of term-formation processes improves the reading skills necessary for reading foreign LSP but most work in terminology is aimed not at teachers but at translators and, increasingly, at machine tran slation and the development of term banks( Ross, Thomas). Sager makes the important observation that terminology is not so fixed as might be supposed. (Pauline Robinson. 199127) Voracek compares terminology across the natural sciences and social sciences. He suggests that because political terminology can never be emotionally neutral, it can be hardly accurate and unambiguous and it will always cause problems for translators and interpreters. Economic terms, while emotionally neutral, also cause problems of translation across economic systems (Pauline Robinson.199127). In fact, technical terms which are used only in a specialized field are sometimes less difficult than vocabulary that looks familiar.Students recognize the need to find meanings for technical terms, and most dictionaries define them. On the other hand, students dupe they already know the meaning of an ordinary word, so they do not try to find a specialized meaning for it (Virginia French Allen.198388). Technical voc abulary is words or phrases that are used in the first place in a specific line of work or profession. Similarly, engineer of vegetable oil plan field needs to know technical words such as constitutional decay, conglomerates, clay schist , siltstone, limestone, dolomite, gypsum, phosphate, iron, oxide, crude oil, hydrocarbons-compounds, hydrogen, sulpher, oxygen and nitrogen, gaseous fuels, methane, synthetics, fossil fuels, igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks and may acquire technical and semi-technical vocabulary in the Petroleum engineering texts where they come across frequently, and words which most people outside of that industry never use.In terms of language national, there is little reason why , say, a Biology text should be more useful to a Biology than, say, a Physics text. There is no grammatical structure, function or discourse structure that can be identified specifically with Biology or any particular subject. Such things are product of the communicative situation ( lecture, conversation, experiment, instructions) and the level (engineer, technician, manager, mechanic, university)there are only two ways in which the subject has any kind of influence on the language content We can distinguish four types of vocabulary-structural are, this, only, however-general table, run, dog, road, weather, cause-sub-technical engine, spring, valve, acid, budged-technical auricle, schist some, fissure, electrophoresis.Technical vocabulary was used far less frequently than the non-technical. These technical terms are also likely to pose the least problems for learners they are often internationally used or can be worked out from knowledge of the subject matter and ordinary root. (Tom Hutchinson and Alan Waters.1995166) Comprehension in the ESP classroom is often more difficult than in real life, because texts are taken in isolation. In the outside world a text would normally appear in a context, which provides reference points to assist understanding (Tom Hutch inson and Waters.199516) In terms of teaching in ESP, it is most important to make a distinction between the two types of vocabulary technical and semi-technical because they are of great importance for learners to study English for specific purposes and academic purposes. Baker(1988) lists six categories of vocabulary, all of which relate to EAP.They are 1. Items which express notions general to all specialized disciplines 2. worldwide language items that have a specialized meaning in one or more disciplines 3. Specialized items that have different meanings in different disciplines 4. General language items that have restricted meanings in different disciplines 5. General language items that are used to describe or comment on technical processes or functions in preference to other items with the same meaning, for example occur rather than happen. 6. Items used to signal the writers intentions or evaluation of material presented (Dudley-Evans and St John. 199883). Dudley-Evans and St John (199883) suggest result the overlapping six categories (Baker, 198891) into two broad areas A) Vocabulary that is used in general language but has a higher frequency of occurrence in specific and technical description and discussion.B) Vocabulary that has specialized and restricted meanings in certain disciplines and which may take leave in meaning across discipline. It is quite wakeful that the first area would be referred to as semi-technical and the second area would be regarded as technical vocabulary. We can examine the following text to illustrate the difference among them below. Some extracts are taken from the texts of Petroleum engineering field, to analyze which is technical and semi-technical and what students of this area study during the class and what kind of information a ESP teacher should provide within the class. These texts are central in the heart of learning and there is a need, lack, require of students to be competent with. In the second and third year courses, students of the Petroleum engineering field, in Karshi Engineering-Economics institute, the force of Oil and Gas, in Karshi, Uzbekistan, study this specialty in English during English classes.How may we inform them about the specific knowledge of their profession if we are not subject matter teachers? We are English language teachers who did not study the specialty of these students at all. Consequently, only the job for us to do is to teach these texts, which are written in English and specially contain technical and semi-technical vocabulary. 1. The thickness of the layers of sedimentary rocks may vary greatly from place to place. They can be formed by the mechanical action of water, wind, frost and organic decay.Such sedimentary as gravel, sand, and clay at the beginning and conglomerates, sandstones and clay schists later are the result of the accumulation of materials achieved by the poisonous mechanical action of water and wind (extract from the text Sedimentar y Rocks M.Ya. Barakova.197774-75) 2.The most principal kinds of sedimentary rocks are conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, limestone and dolomite. Many other kinds with large practical value include common salt, gypsum, phosphate, iron oxide and coal (extract from the text Sedimentary Rocks M.Ya. Barakova.197774-75)3. dodos are usually found in sedimentary rocks, although, sometimes they may be found in igneous and metamorphic rocks as well. They are most lush in mudstone, shale and limestone, but also found in sandstone, dolomite and conglomerates (extract from the text Fossil Fuels M. Ya. Barakova.1977 108-109)4. Liquid fuels are deductd almost from petroleum. In general, natural petroleum, or crude oil, as it is widely known, is the basis of practically all industrial fuels. Petroleum is a mixture of hundreds of different hydrocarbons-compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon together with the sharp amount of other elements such as sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen. Petroleum is as sociated with water and natural gas(extract from the text Fossil Fuels M. Ya. Barakova.1977108-109)5. Of gaseous fuels the most important are those derived from natural gas, chiefly methane or petroleum. Using gaseous fuels makes it possible to obtain high thermal efficiency, ease of distribution and control. Today, gas is widely utilized in the house and as a raw material for producing synthetics. (extract from the text Fossil Fuels) (extract from the text Fossil Fuels M. Ya. Barakova.1977108-109)The technical vocabulary is quite obvious. The items are organic decay, conglomerates, clay schist , siltstone, limestone, dolomite, gypsum, phosphate, iron, oxide, crude oil, hydrocarbons-compounds, hydrogen, sulpher, oxygen and nitrogen, gaseous fuels, methane, synthetics, fossil fuels, igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, and etc. The semi-technical vocabulary items are as follows mechanical action, liquid fuels, petroleum, industrial fuels, natural gas, raw material, layers, abundant, ac cumulation, destructive and chiefly, ease of distribution and control etc. As every specialist has their own specific vocabulary to use in speech and writing, the technical and semi-technical vocabulary is also the main source for Petroleum engineering students to go through. In fact, to succeed in comprehending the written vocabulary and spoken language in this area, ESP students should have access to these technical texts where they can find a way to know about this specialty in English.Technical and semi-technical vocabulary is the main instrument for survival in this area of study. As we can see from above, learners who will do academic study in English must focus on academic vocabulary which is variously known as general useful scientific vocabulary (Barber, 1962) and semi-technical vocabulary (Farrell, 1990), because they need to exhibit a wide range of academic skills like reading about research papers in their own fields, listening to teachers speak about their work, writing academic papers and presenting oral or written evaluations of methods or results in many cases, or writing documentations of the industrial caller-out where the learner may use technical words , which is very needful , and use it for communication with foreign company by doing export or import business.Technical and semi-technical vocabulary, which is used in this text, may not be occurred in the texts of other fields of study, for example, medicine, business, but it can occur in other parts of engineering areas. We may use general vocabulary in all fields of study where technical and semi-technical vocabularies of petroleum engineering field occur. With its importance shown above, technical vocabulary or semi-technical vocabulary should be given precedence in teaching by ESP teachers because, according to Dudley-Evans and St John (199883), this type of vocabulary is used in general life contexts but has a higher frequency of occurrence in scientific and technical descriptions an d discussions, especially in their specific field and conferences, meetings referring to specialty.ESP teachers should teach learners general vocabulary as well as technical vocabulary that has a higher frequency in a scientific field such as -general thickness, place, wind, frost, value, common, and etc. -petroleum engineering organic decay, conglomerates, siltstone, limestone, dolomite, gypsum, phosphate, iron, oxide, crude oil, hydrocarbons-compounds, sulpher, oxygen and nitrogen, gaseous fuels, methane, synthetics and etc. -verbs vary, achieve, found, form, derive from, include, compose, associate, obtain, utilize, produce. -collocations destructive mechanical action, organic decay, accumulation of materials, hydrocarbons-compounds, associate with.The issue of teaching technical vocabularyIt is often claimed that it is not the job of the ESP teachers to teach technical vocabulary (Barber, 1964 Higgens, 1966 Cowan, 1974). In general, we agree it is not but it may be the duty of E SP teachers to teach vocabulary in certain circumstances.Beyond the duty of ESP teacherIn discussing the teaching of ESP it has often been said (Hutchinson and Waters, 1987 Higgins, 1966)that the teaching technical vocabulary is not the responsibility of the EAP teacher and that priority should be given to the teaching of semi-technical or core vocabulary. The technical vocabulary is rather more complicated than the simple notion that the ESP teacher should not touch it. While in general we agree that it should not be the responsibility of the ESP teacher to teach technical vocabulary, in certain specific contexts it may be the duty of the ESP teacher to check that learners have dumb technical vocabulary appearing as carrier content for an exercise. It may also be necessary to ensure that learners have understood technical language presented by a subject specialist or assumed to be known by a subject specialist (Dudley-Evans and St John. 199881) In any ESP exercise which exploits a particular context, that context will use certain technical vocabulary.It is important that both the teacher and the learners appreciate that this vocabulary is acting as carrier content for an exercise, and is not the real content of the exercise. However, students usually need to be able to understand the technical vocabulary in order to do exercise (Dudley-Evans and St John. 199881) How do we deal with this technical vocabulary? In some circumstances a term will be cognate with the equivalent term in the students first language and will not therefore cause difficulty. If the term is not cognate and is unfamiliar, then it may need to be introduced and explained before the exercise is tackled. In many cases there is a one-to-one birth between the terms in English and the learners L1 and so it will be enough to translate the term into the L1 after a brief explanation (Dudley-Evans and St John. 199881) A technical word is one that is recognizably specific to a particular topic, fie ld or discipline.It is likely that they can only be learned and understood by studying the field. Such words are considered to be the responsibility of the subject teachers. Strevens (1973223) claims that learners who know the scientific field may have little difficulty with technical words but a teacher who may not have a great deal. We can examine the examples in the given text. Technical words like organic decay, sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic rocks, limestone, clay schist, methane and others are specialized words in the field of petroleum engineering, which may be quite easy for a student in L1, who studies the petroleum engineering. However, it is a different matter for ESP teachers. There are some other technical words that are quite familiar to learners even if learners are not studying the specific discipline to which the technical words belong because the words are widely, even internationally, known.Some very frequently occurring words in computer science, such as brow ser, program, log, hypertext and internet, are quite familiar to learners and these technical words have a high frequency occurrence in the texts of computer sciences and in information. The English teacher is an ideal informant, who may inform the students of the petroleum engineering field with the information of their profession in L2 for non-native speakers. Even if it is the beyond of his/her duty, the English teacher should certainly explain the technical and semi-technical words in L1 or in L2 for successful learning. As a matter of fact that English teacher teaches texts, which are full of technical and semi-technical vocabulary. Thats why ESP teacher should know the subject matter in L1 and in L2, if not, not be able to teach the students of petroleum engineering field because of not knowing specialist knowledge.Furthermore, even he/she cant translate the text. As a result, no well-designed teaching will be done. A teacher of General English may not know the technical and s emi-technical words because she/he is not a specialist of this area. For example, the English teacher who teaches medical students should know the medical terminology. If she/he does not know the technical vocabulary relating to medicine, how can she/he help the translation of meaning of medical treatments or drugs which is being manufactured in Foreign country, most medicine production instruction is written and explained, given information about medical drugs, and available devices in English. That why the role of Technical and semi-technical vocabulary is not only valuable in the Petroleum engineering field, but also important in other fields of study. The ESP teacher should corporate with subject matter teacher in order to know subject matter for successful teaching. Which vocabulary type should the ESP teacher teach?According to Hutchinson and Waters, (1987) ESP should be seen as an approach to language teaching, which is directed by specific and apparent reasons for learning. The main of their vocabulary acquisition is surely academic vocabulary and they mainly learn technical and semi-technical vocabulary of their specialty in texts, which are main support for learning their specific field through unfamiliar words. The text is an informant where has full of special information for learners desire, and learners try to predict what the word is about with his/her specific background knowledge and define the word. Nowadays, a lot of Educational grant programmes demand English knowledge as well as with specific disciplines, where learners study subject matter in English. Thats why learner, who is willing to study in European or US, Foreign universities and desires to make a progress in profession, consequently, needs to learn technical vocabulary. Learning technical and semi-technical vocabulary is the most essential need for such desire, and teaching technical and semi-technical vocabulary is more demanding.Learnability quietus or difficult in the learnabil ity of vocabulary is not unconnected with the notion of frequency, since the most frequent words will probably be absorbed and learnt simply because they occur regularly. But words may be easy or difficult for a variety of other reasons, and may need special anxiety or focus in teaching. 1. Words may present spelling difficulties. Even native speakers of English have difficulty remembering whether single or double consonants appear in words like occurrence, parallel, and beginning. Languages with more regular spelling patterns present fewer difficulties of this kind. 2. Words may present phonological difficulties, either because they contain awkward clusters of sounds ( English thrive, crisps), or because spelling interfaces with perception of what the sound is (English worry is regularly pronounced by learners as if it rhymed with sorry). Such words may be effectively learned in all other respects, but pronunciation may remain a long-term difficulty, especially where old habits ar e ingrained.3. The syntactic properties of words often make them difficult. In English, want presents fewer syntactic difficulties than hankering, want is followed by an infinitive and / or an object wish may be followed by a variety of verb patterns in that clauses, as well as by the infinitive. 4. Words may be perceived as very close in meaning by the learner, and therefore difficult to separate one from another. Make and do are notorious in this respect in English. Learners of Spanish often find it difficult to separate ser and estar, which to the English-speaker seem both to mean be. The difficulty, or lack of difficulty, a word presents may override its frequency and/or range, and decisions to bring introductory or postpone the teaching of an item may be based on learnability.Published materials storage area features of learnability and difficulty in different ways.p-86 (McCarthy) Difficulty and learnability cut right across the notions of frequency and range. We cannot pred ict that just because a word is frequent it will be learnt quickly and thoroughly or, conversely, that, because a word is infrequent, it will not be easily learnt. Technical and semi-technical vocabulary has also difficulties for pronunciation and for communication to study.